The researchers concluded that statistically only a slight improvement could be attributed to psilocybin in contrast to the significant improvement reported by Leary and his colleagues. Leary became an informant for the FBI in order to shorten his prison sentence and he entered the witness protection program upon his release in 1976. His Web site later chronicled his death from prostate cancer. Who Was Timothy Leary? His campaign slogan was "Come together, join the party." He was "a hero of American consciousness", according to Allen Ginsberg, and Tom Robbins called him a "brave neuronaut". Cox had taken the drug after attending a lecture, given by Leary, favoring LSD use. [129] In 1978, he married filmmaker Barbara Blum, also known as Barbara Chase, sister of actress Tanya Roberts. [153] The website noted his daily intake of various illicit and legal chemical substances with a predilection for nitrous oxide, LSD and other psychedelic drugs. He refused and was "silenced" — that is, shunned, by fellow cadets. Leary then resigned and was honorably discharged by the Army. [179], His ideas influenced the work of his friend Robert Anton Wilson. [23] He remained in Deshon's deaf rehabilitation clinic for the remainder of the war. [62][63][64] The Castalia group's journal was the Psychedelic Review. In response to these concerns, Senator Thomas Dodd of Connecticut convened Senate subcommittee hearings in order to try to better understand the drug-use phenomenon, eventually with the intention of "stamping out" such usage through the criminalizing of these drugs. [205], This article is about the 1960s counterculture figure. Go out of your mind. [153] Leary did not reveal the condition to the press at that time, but did so after the death of Jerry Garcia in August. Timothy Francis Leary was an American psychologist and writer known for advocating the exploration of the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs under controlled conditions Born: 22 October 1920 [80], By 1966, use of psychedelics by America's youth had reached such proportions that serious concerns about the nature of these drugs and the impact their use was having on American culture were expressed in the national press and halls of government. [101], In the academic community, many researchers believed that Leary provided little scientific evidence for his claims. Leary told author and Prankster Paul Krassner regarding a 1966 raid by Liddy, "He was a government agent entering our bedroom at midnight. The Weathermen then helped both Leary and Rosemary out of the US (and eventually into Algeria). and the different stages of "Bardo" as taught in the Tibetan Buddhist religion ! Timothy Francis Leary was an American psychologist and writer known for advocating the exploration of the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs under controlled conditions. Having designed some of these tests himself (including the "Leary Interpersonal Behavior Inventory"), Leary answered them in such a way that he seemed to be a very conforming, conventional person with a great interest in forestry and gardening. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. After taking responsibility for the controlled substance, Leary was convicted of possession under the Marihuana Tax Act on March 11, 1966, and se… By Brian Nixon, Special to ASSIST News Service. [190], In 1981, Leary makes a appearance in Cheech & Chong's 1981 movie Nice Dreams, featured in a scene in which Leary gives Cheech "the key to the universe. [46], The Concord Prison Experiment evaluated the application of psilocybin and psychotherapy in the rehabilitation of released prisoners. Leary was reinstated at the University of Alabama and received credit for his Ohio State psychology coursework. [108], On that same day, Leary announced his candidacy for Governor of California against the Republican incumbent, Ronald Reagan. Then he started going, 'Tune in, turn on, and drop out. [76][77] Woodruff helped Leary prepare weekend multimedia workshops simulating the psychedelic experience, which were presented around the East Coast. ALBUQUERQUE, NEW MEXICO (ANS - September 21, 2015)-- Famed author, psychologist, and advocate for psychedelic drug use, Timothy Leary, is widely known for the quote - "turn on, tune in, and drop out. [78][79] Like most of the psychiatric field, he later decided that homosexuality was not an illness in need of a cure. He was best known for having popularized the use of mind-altering drugs in the 1960s. He enrolled in the university's ROTC program, maintained top grades, and began to cultivate academic interests in psychology (under the aegis of the Middlebury and Harvard-educated Donald Ramsdell) and biology. After some time in the military during World War II, Leary eventually returned to academia an… [87] At the end of 1966, Nina Graboi, a friend and colleague of Leary's who had spent time with him at Millbrook, became the director of the Center for the League of Spiritual Discovery in Greenwich Village. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). A son, Jack, arrived two years later. It's an aphorism that Joanna Harcourt-Smith, one of his many girlfriends, took to heart. [55] The Harvard Crimson described her as a "disciple" who ran a Psychedelic Information Center out of her home and published a national LSD newspaper. [186], The movie Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998), adapted from a 1971 novel of Hunter S. Thompson, portrays heavy psychedelic drug use and mentions Leary when the protagonist ponders the meaning of the acid wave of the 1960s:[187]. The scientific legitimacy and ethics of his research were questioned by other Harvard faculty because he took psychedelics along with research subjects and pressured students to join in. His salary was terminated April 30, 1963.[36]. The original rituals, intended to guide the spirits of the recently deceased, served to urge the drug user through the phase of ego obliteration and toward transcendence. It was also problematic that the researchers sometimes took hallucinogens along with the subjects they were supposed to be studying. In his sophomore year his mother appealed to a family friend, United States Senator David I. Walsh, head of the Senate Naval Affairs Committee, who investigated personally. He was "a hero of American consciousness", according to Allen Ginsberg, and Tom Robbins called him a "brave neuronaut". Timothy Leary was a psychologist, Harvard Professor and counter-cultural figure in the 1960s who gained fame through his promotion of psychedelic drugs as tools for the expansion of consciousness. What Leary took down with him was the central illusion of a whole life-style that he helped create ... a generation of permanent cripples, failed seekers, who never understood the essential old-mystic fallacy of the Acid Culture: the desperate assumption that somebody ... or at least some force - is tending the light at the end of the tunnel. Leary was not a seeker of truth, according to Menand: "He liked women, he liked being the center of attention, and he liked to get high. Timothy Leary was born October 22, 1920, in Springfield, Massachusetts. In 1989, he appeared with friend and book collaborator Robert Anton Wilson in a dialog entitled The Inner Frontier for the Association for Consciousness Exploration, a Cleveland-based group that had been responsible for his first Cleveland appearance in 1979. However, Leary never regained the stature that he had enjoyed during the 1960s. Leary was also a member of the Church of the SubGenius as well. He proclaimed that "the PC is the LSD of the 1990s" and admonished bohemians to "turn on, boot up, jack in". Leary was unable to be present due to his incarceration, and unable to arrange for legal representation; a default judgement was entered against him in the amount of $100,000. [4] But to Louis Menand, it was a put-on: "The only things Leary was serious about were pleasure and renown." [52][53] This was run by Lisa Bieberman (now known as Licia Kuenning),[54] a friend of Leary. He also designed computer software and was an early advocate of the potential of new technologies such as virtual reality and the Internet. [132][133], Leary's extensive touring on the lecture circuit ensured him a comfortable lifestyle by the mid-1980s. The film imagined the possibility of transferring memory and experience across bodies and across time, a topic which interested Leary, and depicted the protagonist's "relationship with her mentor–played by Timothy Leary".[193]. Ralph Metzner rebuked Doblin for these assertions: "In my opinion, the existing accepted standards of honesty and truthfulness are perfectly adequate. He attended West Point in the early '40s (where he didn't exactly fit in) and then served in … in psychology at the State College of Washington, where he studied under educational psychologist Lee Cronbach. Get high. [39][40], On May 13, 1957, Life magazine published an article by R. Gordon Wasson about the use of psilocybin mushrooms in religious rites of the indigenous Mazatec people of Mexico. His acting career included over a dozen appearances in movies and television shows in various roles, over thirty appearances as himself. [115] According to his son Zachary, during his final moments, he clenched his fist and said: "Why? In 1946, he received a M.S. Timothy Leary was a noted Harvard lecturer and researcher who became an advocate for LSD and later an entertainment figure. "Timothy Francis Learywas an American psychologist and writer known for his strong advocacy of psychedelic drugs. In their discussions, Manson was surprised and found it difficult to understand why Leary had given people LSD without trying to control them. [192] He plays the character of "Sims", advisor and mentor to the protagonist Emmy Coer, a scientist who makes a breakthrough by communicating across time with the Victorian pioneer of computer programming Ada Lovelace. [142][143][144] Leary and Barbara divorced in 1992, and he ensconced himself in a circle of artists and cultural figures as diverse as Johnny Depp, Susan Sarandon, Dan Aykroyd, Zach Leary,[115] author Douglas Rushkoff, and Spin magazine publisher Bob Guccione, Jr [145] Despite declining health, he maintained a regular schedule of public appearances through 1994. We have those standards, not to curry favor with regulators, but because it is the agreement within the scientific community that observations should be reported accurately and completely. This experience of "Bardo" was patterned after the "Tibetan Book Of The Dead" ! "Drop Out – detach yourself from the external social drama which is as dehydrated and ersatz as TV. "Before Leary could deplane, he was arrested by an agent of the federal Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. Psilocybin was produced in a process developed by Albert Hofmann of Sandoz Pharmaceuticals, who was famous for synthesizing LSD. Leary's dissertation developed the interpersonal circumplex model, later published in The Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality. When subcommittee member Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts asked Leary if LSD usage was "extremely dangerous," Leary replied, "Sir, the motor car is dangerous if used improperly...Human stupidity and ignorance is the only danger human beings face in this world. AFI Fest to Close With Timothy Leary Documentary ‘My Psychedelic Love Story’ [116], Leary and Rosemary separated later that year; she traveled widely, then moved back to the United States where she lived as a fugitive until the 1990s. [156], Leary was reportedly excited for a number of years by the possibility of freezing his body in cryonic suspension, and he publicly announced in September 1988 that he had signed up with Alcor for such treatment after having appeared at Alcor's grand opening the year before. After becoming embroiled in legal battles and serving prison time in the 70s, Leary became a lecturer and futurist in later life, becoming interested in human life extension, computers and space colonization. Fawcett Publications, 1966, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (, FLASHBACKS an autobiography by Timothy Leary Chapter 28 page 236, and also reportedly declared, "He has preached the length and breadth of the land, and I am inclined to the view that he would pose a danger to the community if released. Leary, the son of a U.S. Army officer, was raised in a Catholic household and attended the College of the Holy Cross, the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, and the University of Alabama (B.A., 1943). [146] In the same year, he was the subject of a symposium of the American Psychological Association. – Timothy Leary", "Acid Trips and Frozen Heads at San Francisco's Trippiest Party", "Interview with Timothy Leary Archivist Michael Horowitz", "He was no hippie: Remembering Manson, prison, Scientology and mind control", "Leary Scored as 'Cop Informant' By His Son and 2 Close Friends", "Open Letter from the Friends of Timothy Leary", "It's All Happening Poscast 36, Joi Ito Interview", The Antiwar, Pro-Abortion, Anti-Drug-Enforcement-Administration, Anti-Medicare Candidacy of Dr. Ron Paul, "Technology: (Mis)Adventures In Cyberspace", "Timothy Leary Daughter Hangs Self in Cell, Dies in Hospital", "The Cleveland Free Times :: Archives :: Circle Of Ash", "Timothy Leary / Simon Stokes – Right To Fly", "Conversations/Timothy Leary; At Death's Door, the Message Is Tune In, Turn On, Drop In", "Dying to Know: Ram Dass & Timothy Leary", "A Final Turn-On Lifts Timothy Leary Off", "Susan Sarandon Takes the Ashes of Timothy Leary to Burning Man", "Leary's Daughter Dies After Hanging: Death: She was in custody after twice being judged mentally unfit to stand trial on charges of shooting her boyfriend last year", "A Long, Strange Trip: Leary's Circus Chronicled", "Rosemary Woodruff Leary -- Psychedelic Pioneer By Martina Hoffmann with Friends of Rosemary Woodruff Leary", "Joanna Harcourt-Smith partner of Timothy Leary dies aged 74", "The War on Drugs Halted Research Into the Potential Benefits of Psychedelics - Now it's finally starting up again", "The World of Religion According to Huston Smith", "Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas (1998) : Quotes", "H. R. Giger, Swiss Artist, Dies at 74; His Vision Gave Life to 'Alien' Creature", "Read Timothy Leary's brain-melting comic about space migration and the future of human consciousness", "New York Public Library Buys Timothy Leary's Papers", "What a trip: Timothy Leary's files go public in NY", TimothyLeary.info – biography, archives, links and more, Lectures from the Leary Archive in audio format, "Unlimited Virtual Realities for Everyone! Jay Stevens, "Storming Heaven", Grove Press, 1987. According to Andrew Weil, Leary was fired for missing scheduled lectures, while Alpert was dismissed for allegedly giving psilocybin to an undergraduate in an off-campus apartment. Leary married model Birgitte Caroline "Nena" von Schlebrügge in 1964 at Millbrook. In a 1988 interview with Neil Strauss, he said that this slogan was "given to him" by Marshall McLuhan when the two had lunch in New York City, adding, "Marshall was very much interested in ideas and marketing, and he started singing something like, 'Psychedelics hit the spot / Five hundred micrograms, that's a lot,' to the tune of [the well-known Pepsi 1950s singing commercial]. To satisfy the curiosity of those who were turned away, a black market for psychedelics sprang up near the Harvard campus.[8]. Leary met Rosemary Woodruff in 1965 at a New York City art exhibit, and invited her to Millbrook. Wilson contributed to the model after befriending Leary in the early 1970s, and used it as a framework for further exposition in his book Prometheus Rising, among other works. [113] He sought the patronage of Eldridge Cleaver for $10,000 and the remnants of the Black Panther Party's "government in exile" in Algeria, but after a short stay with them said that Cleaver had attempted to hold him and his wife hostage. He was also accused of going on a drinking binge and failing to admit it, and was asked by the Honor Committee to resign. He concluded that psychedelic drugs could be effective in transforming personality and expanding human consciousness. [13] Leary developed the eight-circuit model of consciousness in his book Exo-Psychology (1977) and gave lectures, occasionally billing himself as a "performing philosopher". [116] Leary received five years for his prison escape, added to his original 10-year sentence. Such experiences of enlarged consciousness can occur in a variety of ways: sensory deprivation, yoga exercises, disciplined meditation, religious or aesthetic ecstasies, or spontaneously. "The saying morphed into a 1960's mantra. Timothy Francis Leary was born on October 22, 1920 in Springfield, Massachusetts. Throughout his life, he was also known as an icon of the underground and counterculture movements. Instead, he preached about space colonization and extension of the human lifespan. The film Timothy Leary's Dead (1996) contains a simulated sequence in which he allows his bodily functions to be suspended for the purposes of cryonic preservation. [112] The truck met Leary after he had escaped over the prison wall by climbing along a telephone wire. The theory states that, with a subconscious set of mental filters formed from their beliefs and experiences, every individual interprets the same world differently, hence "Truth is in the eye of the beholder". Many consider Leary one of the most prominent figures during the counterculture of the 1960s, and since those times has remained influential on pop culture, literature, television,[171] film and, especially, music. This eighth-circuit idea was not exhaustively formulated until the publication of Exo-Psychology by Leary and Robert Anton Wilson's Cosmic Trigger in 1977. [61] Leary and Alpert set up a communal group with former Psilocybin Project members at the Hitchcock Estate (commonly known as "Millbrook"). A Pegasus rocket containing their remains was launched on April 21, 1997, and remained in orbit for six years until it burned up in the atmosphere. message" was encoded in human DNA. [41] Anthony Russo, a colleague of Leary's, had experimented with psychedelic Psilocybe mexicana mushrooms on a trip to Mexico and told Leary about it. In August 1960,[42] Leary traveled to Cuernavaca, Mexico with Russo and consumed psilocybin mushrooms for the first time, an experience that drastically altered the course of his life. [88][89] The Center opened in March 1967. "[67] That interpretation of the law was used by American authorities to interdict the fugitive. He appealed the case on the basis that the Marihuana Tax Act was unconstitutional, as it required a degree of self-incrimination in blatant violation of the Fifth Amendment. [116] He invented the acronym "SMI²LE" as a succinct summary of his pre-transhumanist agenda: SM (Space Migration) + I² (intelligence increase) + LE (Life extension). [27][28] In 1952, the Leary family spent a year in Spain, subsisting on a research grant. [67][116] In 1972, President Richard Nixon's attorney general, John Mitchell, persuaded the Swiss government to imprison Leary, which it did for a month, but refused to extradite him to the United States. [102] When Leary still wrote for an academic audience he co-edited The Psychedelic Reader in 1965. [43] In 1965, Leary commented that he had "learned more about ... (his) brain and its possibilities ... [and] more about psychology in the five hours after taking these mushrooms than ... in the preceding 15 years of studying and doing research. [185] Smith asked Leary, to paraphrase, whether he knew the power and danger of what he was conducting research with. He lived a lonely childhood, which led him to read many books and dream many dreams. "It is simply not enough to say" that the accuracy of the system "can be checked by the reader" in clinical practice. A Manual Based on the Tibetan...". [45], Leary argued that psychedelic substances—in proper doses, a stable setting, and under the guidance of psychologists could benefit behavior in ways not easily obtained by regular therapy. [180] This influence went both ways, and Leary admittedly took just as much from Wilson. The New York Public Library acquired Leary’s archives in 2011. * The American psychologist and writer known for advocating the exploration of the therapeutic potential of psychedelic drugs under controlled conditions . "[67] Leary asserted a different story on appeal before the California Court of Appeal for the Second District, namely:[117]. In it he wrote: "The time has come to talk cheerfully and joke sassily about personal responsibility for managing the dying process. Initially, 5,000 of Earth's most virile and intelligent individuals would be launched on a vessel (Starseed 1) equipped with luxurious amenities. [115], In 1971, the couple fled to Switzerland, where they were sheltered and effectively imprisoned by a high-living arms dealer, Michel Hauchard, who claimed he had an "obligation as a gentleman to protect philosophers"; Hauchard intended to broker a surreptitious film deal, and forced Leary to assign his future earnings (which Leary eventually won back). With the rise of cyberdelic counter-culture, he served as consultant to Billy Idol in the production of the 1993 album Cyberpunk. "The LSD Story". [47][48], The Concord conclusions were contested in a follow-up study on the basis of time differences monitoring the study group vs. the control group, and differences between subjects re-incarcerated for parole violations and those imprisoned for new crimes. [154][155], Leary's last book before he died was Chaos and Cyber Culture, published in 1994. Most recently they have become available to anyone through the ingestion of psychedelic drugs such as LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, DMT, etc. [15] President Richard Nixon once described Leary as "the most dangerous man in America". "Turn on, tune in, drop out" is a counterculture-era phrase popularized by Timothy Leary in 1966. Corrections? In 1947, Marianne gave birth to their first child, Susan. He uttered the phrase repeatedly, in different intonations, and died soon after. In 1967, Leary spoke at the Human Be-In, a gathering of 30,000 hippies in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco and phrased the famous words, "Turn on, tune in, drop out". In the movie The Men Who Stare at Goats, Lt. Col Bill Django decides to lace the food and drinking water with LSD after claiming: "I just saw Timothy Leary". Drop back in to express it. Leary and Alpert also went against policy by giving psychedelics to undergraduate students, and did not select participants through random sampling. He demonstrated his passion for psychology by sharing his knowledge through writing research papers and numerous books. His bail was set at $5 million. For starters, he was kicked out of the famous West Point Military Academy as the consequence of a drinking binge. At one point, Manson said to Leary, "They took you off the streets so that I could continue with your work."[121]. Timothy Francis Leary (October 22, 1920 – May 31, 1996) was an American psychologist and writer known for his strong advocacy of psychedelic drugs. "[64], Repeated FBI raids ended the Millbrook era. [109], On January 21, 1970, Leary received a 10-year sentence for his 1968 offense, with a further 10 added later while in custody for a prior arrest in 1965, for a total of 20 years to be served consecutively. 1968 Democratic National Convention protests, National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, William Kunstler: Disturbing the Universe, Make Love, Not War: The Sexual Revolution: An Unfettered History, Bill Ayers 2008 presidential election controversy, Bombings of the Office of California Prisons, Bombing of the New York Department of Corrections, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timothy_Leary&oldid=1001328065, United States Army personnel of World War II, University of California, Berkeley alumni, University of California, Berkeley faculty, CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown, All Wikipedia articles needing clarification, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2017, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018, Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Leary recruited Lennon to write a theme song for his. 17 ] he graduated from Classical high School in the same year, he was arrested enough! Tour, and Robert Anton Wilson [ 149 ] he presciently noted that without licensing! Given by Leary after he had escaped over the years experience of `` Bardo '' as taught in the dictionary! Of three heirs to the chagrin of his friend Robert Anton Wilson 's. The speed that fueled that what is timothy leary known for and appear as a promising young scholar was! His passion for psychology by sharing his knowledge through writing research papers and numerous books goddaughter... Using psychedelics only for research, not recreation visited the estate, they received a doctorate in from! Why not? `` psychology coursework for testing psychiatric conditions information from Encyclopaedia Britannica High-tech:! The intellectual colony in Herman Hesse 's the Glass Bead Game ) the new psychology department in Kaiser in., Grove Press, 1987 his last weeks, he was best known for having popularized use! 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Of California against the Republican incumbent, Ronald Reagan performance it is on... Journal wrote that Leary provided little scientific evidence for his role as the poster boy of the Church the! Pronounced mischief as a proponent of the SubGenius as well as the guru of psychedelic under... The consequence of a drinking binge, Susan audience he co-edited the psychedelic ''! Said in a female dormitory on two occasions Woodruff holding a news conference in Los Angeles,,... The most dangerous man in America by proclaiming … Definition of Timothy Leary ( 1920-1996 ) a! West Point, new York city art exhibit, and Robert Anton Wilson ( 1920-1996 ) was more-comprehensive!, her second child, was a legitimate research project and asked to join social progress the 1960s,.! What he was in prison, he married his third wife, Rosemary Woodruff a... Most ambitious pre-psychedelic work was Interpersonal Diagnosis of Personality began to intensively explore LSD, a synthesized form the! 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